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Introduction: women and WASH


Women and girls are primary users and providers of water and hygiene in the household. But they suffer an uneven burden when it comes to poor sanitation; their health, dignity, safety and socio-economic status are seriously impacted. The importance of having women take on strategic roles is increasingly being recognised to improve WASH on a household level and a community level. How can we make sure it also leads to their empowerment on an individual level?
 

 
Max Foundation actively addresses gender-specific challenges in its WASH projects. With this case study we wanted to share our observations on what is needed to ensure both social transformation within communities and the empowerment of women. 
 
Method Our action research involves using a rapid rural appraisal participatory method and data collection through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. We want to ensure an in-depth understanding of the specific challenges faced by women and how to tackle these in our MaxWASH projects.


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Evidence of women's empowerment: examples

 
Resulting from Max Foundation’s WASH interventions, we have witnessed political empowerment of women chairing Community Support Groups. They actively participate and make decisions, for example in where to place latrines and tube wells. They have the right to vote and to be voted for.


 
 

Photo: Taslima Khatun

Taslima is President in the Dalchara Community Support Group. She was trained for this position and told us her confidence has increased a lot. She is now well-respected in the community and also regularly consulted on early marriage, domestic violence and dowry issues.
 

Socio-cultural empowerment is seen through women in Community Support Groups having created an environment where women’s leadership is now more socially accepted. It has led to more respect from everyone in the community.
 
Physical empowerment has increased through spreading messages on menstrual hygiene management in Courtyard Groups. Adolescent girls feel more confident to discuss the topic openly, for example to convince their parents they do not have to skip school. Women testify to improved health by placing latrines in central places following their advice in the Community Support Groups. They also report there is a decrease in violence against women in the village.
  

Photo: Jamuna school girls 
 

There is little direct evidence on women being economically empowered.  However, due to improved health of the whole family, less money is being spent on medical bills and less time on care taking. This has a positive impact on their availability for paid work.


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Three key findings


1) Women can be key change agents for social transformation when placed at the core of decision-making on WASH and at the beginning of the project cycle.

 

When it comes to the health of the whole family, women have a better understanding of what is needed regarding water and hygiene management. We have seen how this leads to better decisions, resulting in improved health, poverty reduction and human rights for all.


 Photo: Deep tube well in Noakhali placed by our partner NGO (CDSP)


2) To ensure women are empowered, they should have decision-making roles in WASH management alongside men. 


While more evidence is needed on how much involving women in WASH management changes their status in the household and the community, our results show many examples women's empowerment resulting from our WASH interventions (see separate section on left).


  

Photo: Planning WASH facilities in Pathuakhali 
  
3) To find appropriate solutions in tackling the negative impact of poor sanitation management on women, it is crucial to conduct a gender-sensitive needs assessment in planning WASH interventions. 


For example, when assessing our work in Bangladesh, Max Foundation learned that women felt uncomfortable bathing during menstruation and would wash themselves near rivers.  In response, we developed and installed special women’s bathing chambers, giving them access to both privacy and clean water, improving their hygiene and preventing unnecessary infections.
 

Photo: Latrine and washing facilities ("Maxibasin").


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Max Foundation and gender in WASH

 
Together with Gender and Water Programme Bangladesh Max Foundation has developed a guideline for mainstreaming gender in the WASH work we do. We implement our interventions in a way that gives women equal rights to men and meets their specific needs for protecting their human rights.
 

Video: Max Foundation and gender mainstreaming. 

 
First and foremost, we place women alongside men at the core of WASH planning, implementation and operations via their role in so-called Community Support Groups. These groups advise union-based government committees that oversee the planning of latrine and water coverage in the union.


  

Photo: woman leading Community Support group session

Our local partner NGOs organise Courtyard Groups consisting of women only. During these village meetings, women share best practices and are trained to improve household water and sanitation management practices. 
 

We also work with schools to build separate sanitation facilities for girls, giving them privacy and helping them to prevent infections. As a result, they do not have to skip school during their menstruation, improving their access to education. Through decreased disease in the whole community women have more time for other activities; they are trained to set up small businesses, for example in female sanitation products.

 

About Max Foundation
 

Max Foundation was founded in 2005 by Joke and Steven Le Poole, following the death of their son Max who died from a viral infection at eight months. Steven and Joke were determined to spare other parents such deep sorrow.
 
Video: The story of Max Foundation 

 
The mission of Max Foundation is to give children a healthy start in life and save as many children’s lives as possible. We want to do this in the most effective and sustainable way. To date we have served over 1.5 million people and we aim to double this in the next 5 years.

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Recommendations

 
For WASH to reach its fullest potential; enabling human rights for all, including women’s political, social, economic and physical empowerment, it is crucial to mainstream gender in WASH. Based on our experience we would like to share these recommendations: 

 

- In planning WASH interventions, make sure a gender-sensitive needs assessment is done first to ensure appropriate solutions for the challenges women face in water and sanitation management.  
 

- Include gender specific objectives in WASH and incorporate indicators for accurate monitoring. 
 

- Make sure women selected for leadership roles have a natural ability to lead and/or are well trained to take on this role. Leaders are nurtured not created. 
 

Photo: Women leading Courtyard Group session


- Include programme activities and budget to train and empower women to become leaders and role models.
 

- Provide training and tools to stakeholders (especially government) to promote and sustain the rights of women, ensuring that both men and women are given equal attention in WASH programmes.


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